GAO Report Finds Increase in Students with Disabilities in General Education Classrooms
A recent Government Accountability Office (GAO) analysis found that inclusion of students with disabilities in general education classrooms has increased substantially over the past decade, consistent with the federal requirement that they be educated alongside their nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate. From 2012–13 to 2023–24, the number of students with disabilities spending at least 40 percent of their day in general education classrooms increased by 25 percent, with the largest growth among those spending at least 80 percent of their day in those settings. The share of students educated in general education settings increased in 42 states and the District of Columbia, although trends varied considerably across states and districts.
GAO also found that district characteristics, including poverty levels, the absence of standalone special education schools, and lower per-pupil funding—were associated with higher rates of inclusion. Of note, the overall special education population grew by 21 percent during that decade. School and district officials identified resource availability, parental involvement in placement decisions, and school culture and facilities as key factors influencing educational placement, noting that while limited funding can restrict inclusive opportunities, intentional practices such as structured small-group learning can strengthen students' sense of belonging.